Category: Electrical Design
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Rotary Encoders Explained with Live Diagrams (1): Binary, Gray, Incremental
How rotary encoder discs carry position: multitrack absolute discs in binary and Gray code, plus incremental A/B channels, shown with diagrams you can spin.
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Rotary Encoders Explained with Live Diagrams (2): Single Track, Hybrid, Vernier
Single-track PRBS, hybrid coarse-plus-fine, and vernier encoder discs explained with diagrams you can spin, including what each figure deliberately leaves out.
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What Is PID Control? P, I, and D Explained with Live Circuits
PID control, explained hands-on: every figure in this article is a live circuit with real-time charts that respond the moment you move a slider. We start from plain on-off switching and add one term at a time — P, then PI, then PID — so the meaning of each letter…
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Why Does Regeneration Raise the Bus Voltage? ── Regen Resistors Explained with Live Circuit Diagrams
Regeneration returns a motor’s energy to the supply as electricity ── except that most real DC supplies are not built to accept current flowing back in. Energy with nowhere to go piles up in the DC bus capacitors, and the bus voltage swells. This article watches that voltage balloon ──…
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Stopping a DC Motor, Explained with Live Circuit Diagrams ── Coast vs. Brake vs. Regeneration
Switch off the drive and a motor keeps turning ── momentum and winding current both need somewhere to go. The answers to that question are exactly what coast, short-circuit brake, brake resistor, and regeneration distinguish. This article watches what happens right after a DC motor’s drive is cut, using live…
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Coil Back-EMF Explained with Live Circuit Diagrams ── What the Flyback Diode Really Does
Switch off a relay or a solenoid valve from a PLC transistor output, and at that very instant the output device can die ── killed by the back-EMF (surge voltage) the coil generates at turn-off. This article puts those few milliseconds on screen with live circuit diagrams and real-time voltage/current…
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Relay, Transistor, or Triac? Understanding PLC Output Types with Live Circuit Diagrams
A lamp keeps glowing faintly after you switch it OFF. A transistor output dies the instant a solenoid valve is switched off. ── Pick the wrong PLC output type and strange things happen with nothing actually broken. This article sorts out relay, transistor, and triac outputs from a single viewpoint…
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Understanding PNP and NPN in Electrical Design with Live Circuit Diagrams
“I turned the output ON but the lamp never lights.” “We swapped a sensor and the PLC input stopped responding.” ── Most stumbles in control wiring begin with mixing up PNP and NPN; in other words, the direction of sink and source. Built around one idea ── NPN pulls current…